[vc_section css=”.vc_custom_1606340584892{padding-top: 100px !important;padding-bottom: 100px !important;}”][vc_row gap=”35″ full_height=”yes” responsive_css=”padding_right_medium:0px|padding_left_medium:0px” css=”.vc_custom_1599832057070{padding-top: 0px !important;padding-right: 5% !important;padding-bottom: 0px !important;padding-left: 5% !important;}” el_id=”about”][vc_column][vc_row_inner content_placement=”middle”][vc_column_inner width=”1/3″ css=”.vc_custom_1605085203141{margin-bottom: 40px !important;}”][ld_section_title title=”Large-scale sociological study of Jewish identity in the CIS countries” title_top_margin=”10″ title_bottom_margin=”10″ add_line=”underline-fancy-title” tag=”p” use_theme_fonts=”” title_font=”font_family:Roboto%20Condensed%3A300%2C300italic%2Cregular%2Citalic%2C700%2C700italic|font_style:700%20bold%20regular%3A700%3Anormal” subtitle_top_margin=”0″ subtitle_bottom_margin=”10″ sub_tag=”div” text_top_margin=”0″ text_bottom_margin=”0″ use_custom_fonts_title=”true” use_custom_fonts_subtitle=”true” fw=”800″ sub_fs=”16px” fs=”38px” ls=”-0.03em” line_width=”60px” line_height=”5px” line_color=”rgb(18, 38, 107)” lh=”1em”][/ld_section_title][ld_fancy_heading tag=”p” use_theme_fonts=”” text_font=”font_family:Roboto%3A100%2C100italic%2C300%2C300italic%2Cregular%2Citalic%2C500%2C500italic%2C700%2C700italic%2C900%2C900italic|font_style:400%20regular%3A400%3Anormal” use_custom_fonts_title=”true” fs=”14px” ls=”-0.03em”]In 2019-2020, the Institute for Euro-Asian Jewish Studies, founded by the Euro-Asian Jewish Congress, conducted a large-scale study in five post-Soviet countries. We are pleased to present some of the results on this page, while the entire research can be found in the attached monograph.

Individual results for the countries will be published shortly! Subscribe to our Facebook, Telegram or newsletter to get notified.[/ld_fancy_heading][ld_fancy_heading tag=”p” use_theme_fonts=”” text_font=”font_family:Roboto%3A100%2C100italic%2C300%2C300italic%2Cregular%2Citalic%2C500%2C500italic%2C700%2C700italic%2C900%2C900italic|font_style:700%20bold%20regular%3A700%3Anormal” use_custom_fonts_title=”true” fs=”16px” ls=”-0.03em”]Please note that this page contains only partial data of a full-scale study, without inter-factor relationships or breakdowns by country, age, or other categories. If you are interested in more specific data, please contact us. [/ld_fancy_heading][/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=”1/3″ align=”text-center” css=”.vc_custom_1605085216462{margin-bottom: 40px !important;}”][vc_single_image image=”15067″ img_size=”211×300″][ld_button style=”btn-underlined” title=”Request monograph” link_type=”modal_window” i_type=”fontawesome” i_position=”left” i_add_icon=”true” i_icon_fontawesome=”fa fa-file-pdf-o” fs=”12px” fw=”800″ css=”.vc_custom_1606250633005{margin-top: 10px !important;}” anchor_id=”#request”][ld_spacer height=”10px”][ld_button style=”btn-underlined” title=”To the results” link_type=”scroll_to_section” i_type=”fontawesome” i_position=”left” i_add_icon=”true” fs=”12px” fw=”800″ css=”.vc_custom_1614540634727{margin-top: 10px !important;}” i_icon_fontawesome=”fas fa-chevron-down”][/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=”1/3″ enable_column_shadowbox=”yes” enable_content_animation=”yes” animation_preset=”Fade In Up” css=”.vc_custom_1599950552886{padding-top: 15% !important;padding-right: 15% !important;padding-bottom: 15% !important;padding-left: 15% !important;background-color: #ffffff !important;border-radius: 25px !important;}” column_box_shadow=”%5B%7B%22blur_radius%22%3A%2220px%22%2C%22spread_radius%22%3A%2210px%22%2C%22shadow_color%22%3A%22rgba(0%2C%200%2C%200%2C%200.04)%22%7D%5D” ca_duration=”1500″][ld_section_title title=”Where the study was conducted?” title_top_margin=”10″ title_bottom_margin=”10″ add_line=”title-line” tag=”h5″ use_theme_fonts=”” title_font=”font_family:Roboto%3A100%2C100italic%2C300%2C300italic%2Cregular%2Citalic%2C500%2C500italic%2C700%2C700italic%2C900%2C900italic|font_style:700%20bold%20regular%3A700%3Anormal” subtitle_top_margin=”0″ subtitle_bottom_margin=”10″ sub_tag=”div” text_top_margin=”0″ text_bottom_margin=”0″ use_custom_fonts_title=”true” use_custom_fonts_subtitle=”true” fw=”700″ sub_fs=”16px” fs=”15px” ls=”-0.05em” lh=”18px”][/ld_section_title][ld_fancy_heading tag=”p” transform=”text-uppercase” use_theme_fonts=”” text_font=”font_family:Roboto%3A100%2C100italic%2C300%2C300italic%2Cregular%2Citalic%2C500%2C500italic%2C700%2C700italic%2C900%2C900italic|font_style:400%20regular%3A400%3Anormal” use_custom_fonts_title=”true” fs=”13px” fw=”900″ ls=”0.1em” color=”rgb(24, 27, 49)” margin=”bottom_small:20px”] russia[/ld_fancy_heading][ld_fancy_heading tag=”p” transform=”text-uppercase” use_theme_fonts=”” text_font=”font_family:Roboto%3A100%2C100italic%2C300%2C300italic%2Cregular%2Citalic%2C500%2C500italic%2C700%2C700italic%2C900%2C900italic|font_style:400%20regular%3A400%3Anormal” use_custom_fonts_title=”true” fs=”13px” fw=”900″ ls=”0.1em” color=”rgb(24, 27, 49)” margin=”bottom_small:20px”] ukraine[/ld_fancy_heading][ld_fancy_heading tag=”p” transform=”text-uppercase” use_theme_fonts=”” text_font=”font_family:Roboto%3A100%2C100italic%2C300%2C300italic%2Cregular%2Citalic%2C500%2C500italic%2C700%2C700italic%2C900%2C900italic|font_style:400%20regular%3A400%3Anormal” use_custom_fonts_title=”true” fs=”13px” fw=”900″ ls=”0.1em” color=”rgb(24, 27, 49)” margin=”bottom_small:20px”] moldova[/ld_fancy_heading][ld_fancy_heading tag=”p” transform=”text-uppercase” use_theme_fonts=”” text_font=”font_family:Roboto%3A100%2C100italic%2C300%2C300italic%2Cregular%2Citalic%2C500%2C500italic%2C700%2C700italic%2C900%2C900italic|font_style:400%20regular%3A400%3Anormal” use_custom_fonts_title=”true” fs=”13px” fw=”900″ ls=”0.1em” color=”rgb(24, 27, 49)” margin=”bottom_small:20px”] belarus[/ld_fancy_heading][ld_fancy_heading tag=”p” transform=”text-uppercase” use_theme_fonts=”” text_font=”font_family:Roboto%3A100%2C100italic%2C300%2C300italic%2Cregular%2Citalic%2C500%2C500italic%2C700%2C700italic%2C900%2C900italic|font_style:400%20regular%3A400%3Anormal” use_custom_fonts_title=”true” fs=”13px” fw=”900″ ls=”0.1em” color=”rgb(24, 27, 49)” margin=”bottom_small:20px”] kazakhstan[/ld_fancy_heading][/vc_column_inner][/vc_row_inner][ld_message type=”ld-msg-warning” title=”In using materials reference to the source is required.”][/vc_column][/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column align=”text-center”][ld_modal_window el_id=”request”][vc_row_inner responsive_css=”padding_top_medium:10%25|padding_right_medium:10%25|padding_bottom_medium:10%25|padding_left_medium:10%25″ css=”.vc_custom_1605131691788{padding-top: 5% !important;padding-right: 5% !important;padding-bottom: 5% !important;padding-left: 5% !important;}”][vc_column_inner width=”1/2″ responsive_css=”padding_right_medium:10%25″][ld_section_title title=”Request an access to the monograph” title_top_margin=”10″ title_bottom_margin=”10″ add_line=”underline-fancy-title” tag=”p” use_theme_fonts=”” title_font=”font_family:Ubuntu%3A300%2C300italic%2Cregular%2Citalic%2C500%2C500italic%2C700%2C700italic|font_style:700%20bold%20regular%3A700%3Anormal” subtitle_top_margin=”0″ subtitle_bottom_margin=”10″ sub_tag=”div” text_top_margin=”0″ text_bottom_margin=”0″ use_custom_fonts_title=”true” use_custom_fonts_subtitle=”true” fw=”800″ sub_fs=”16px” fs=”35px” ls=”-0.09em” line_width=”60px” line_height=”5px” line_color=”rgb(18, 38, 107)” lh=”30px” css=”.vc_custom_1606251248461{padding-right: 10% !important;}”][/ld_section_title][/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=”1/2″][ld_cf7 id=”15072″ shape=”lqd-contact-form-inputs-filled” roundness=”lqd-contact-form-inputs-circle” use_custom_fonts_input=”true” fw=”800″ lqd_bg_color=”rgb(247, 247, 247)”][/vc_column_inner][/vc_row_inner][/ld_modal_window][/vc_column][/vc_row][/vc_section][vc_section css=”.vc_custom_1606339451521{padding-top: 100px !important;padding-bottom: 100px !important;background-color: #f9f9f9 !important;}” el_id=”number”][vc_row gap=”25″ css=”.vc_custom_1606340395778{margin-right: 5% !important;margin-left: 5% !important;padding-top: 30px !important;padding-bottom: 30px !important;}” responsive_css=”margin_right_small:0px|margin_left_small:0px”][vc_column width=”1/4″][ld_section_title title=”Jewish population” title_top_margin=”10″ title_bottom_margin=”10″ add_line=”underline-fancy-title” tag=”p” use_theme_fonts=”” title_font=”font_family:Roboto%3A100%2C100italic%2C300%2C300italic%2Cregular%2Citalic%2C500%2C500italic%2C700%2C700italic%2C900%2C900italic|font_style:700%20bold%20regular%3A700%3Anormal” subtitle_top_margin=”0″ subtitle_bottom_margin=”10″ sub_tag=”div” text_top_margin=”0″ text_bottom_margin=”0″ use_custom_fonts_title=”true” use_custom_fonts_subtitle=”true” fw=”800″ sub_fs=”16px” fs=”25px” ls=”-0.03em” line_width=”60px” line_height=”5px” line_color=”rgb(18, 38, 107)” lh=”25px” css=”.vc_custom_1614525159381{padding-right: 10% !important;}”][/ld_section_title][/vc_column][vc_column width=”1/4″ offset=”vc_col-md-offset-0″][ld_fancy_heading tag=”p” use_theme_fonts=”” text_font=”font_family:Roboto%3A100%2C100italic%2C300%2C300italic%2Cregular%2Citalic%2C500%2C500italic%2C700%2C700italic%2C900%2C900italic|font_style:500%20bold%20regular%3A500%3Anormal” use_custom_fonts_title=”true” fs=”14px” ls=”-0.05em”]There are different approaches to assessing the size of the Jewish population in the CIS countries. The difference in approaches and the difficulty of accurately determining the population size are caused by various factors, such as: inaccuracies in population censuses, an ambiguity of the Jewish identity and self-identification models in the countries of the former USSR.[/ld_fancy_heading][/vc_column][vc_column width=”1/4″][ld_fancy_heading tag=”p” use_theme_fonts=”” text_font=”font_family:Roboto%3A100%2C100italic%2C300%2C300italic%2Cregular%2Citalic%2C500%2C500italic%2C700%2C700italic%2C900%2C900italic|font_style:500%20bold%20regular%3A500%3Anormal” use_custom_fonts_title=”true” fs=”14px” ls=”-0.05em”]Meeting the criteria of the Israeli Law of Return is the broadest category in belonging to the Jewish population that includes the ethnic core, the “second generation” Jews, and non-Jewish family members.[/ld_fancy_heading][/vc_column][vc_column width=”1/4″][ld_fancy_heading tag=”p” use_theme_fonts=”” text_font=”font_family:Roboto%3A100%2C100italic%2C300%2C300italic%2Cregular%2Citalic%2C500%2C500italic%2C700%2C700italic%2C900%2C900italic|font_style:500%20bold%20regular%3A500%3Anormal” use_custom_fonts_title=”true” fs=”14px” ls=”-0.05em”]Using the estimate of one of the leading experts in Jewish demography, Professor Sergio Della Pergola, we can assume that 850-930 thousand people in the countries of the former USSR fall under the Law of Return, 40-45% of whom are ethnic Jews (up to 30% of the overall number – persons of monogenic Jewish origin plus descendants of mixed marriages with a stable Jewish identity).[/ld_fancy_heading][/vc_column][/vc_row][vc_row responsive_css=”margin_right_small:0px|margin_left_small:0px” css=”.vc_custom_1606340405883{margin-right: 5% !important;margin-left: 5% !important;}”][vc_column width=”1/5″][ld_content_box style=”s05″ heading_weight=”font-weight-bold” heading_size=”fancy-box-heading-custom” cb_height=”150px” title=”575 000 approx.” image=”11077″ info=”Russia” custom_heading_size=”18px”][/ld_content_box][/vc_column][vc_column width=”1/5″][ld_content_box style=”s05″ heading_weight=”font-weight-bold” heading_size=”fancy-box-heading-custom” title=”245 000 approx.” image=”11259″ info=”Ukraine” custom_heading_size=”18px”][/ld_content_box][/vc_column][vc_column width=”1/5″][ld_content_box style=”s05″ heading_weight=”font-weight-bold” heading_size=”fancy-box-heading-custom” title=”40 000 approx.” image=”11112″ info=”Belarus” custom_heading_size=”18px”][/ld_content_box][/vc_column][vc_column width=”1/5″][ld_content_box style=”s05″ heading_weight=”font-weight-bold” heading_size=”fancy-box-heading-custom” title=”18 000 approx.” image=”11197″ info=”Moldova” custom_heading_size=”18px”][/ld_content_box][/vc_column][vc_column width=”1/5″][ld_content_box style=”s05″ heading_weight=”font-weight-bold” heading_size=”fancy-box-heading-custom” title=”7 000 approx.” image=”11181″ info=”Kazakhstan” custom_heading_size=”18px”][/ld_content_box][/vc_column][/vc_row][/vc_section][vc_section el_id=”identity” css=”.vc_custom_1606339544325{padding-top: 100px !important;padding-bottom: 100px !important;}”][vc_row gap=”25″ css=”.vc_custom_1606339342835{margin-right: 5% !important;margin-left: 5% !important;padding-top: 0px !important;padding-bottom: 50px !important;}” responsive_css=”margin_right_small:0px|margin_left_small:0px”][vc_column width=”1/4″][ld_section_title title=”Jewish identity” title_top_margin=”10″ title_bottom_margin=”10″ add_line=”underline-fancy-title” tag=”p” use_theme_fonts=”” title_font=”font_family:Roboto%3A100%2C100italic%2C300%2C300italic%2Cregular%2Citalic%2C500%2C500italic%2C700%2C700italic%2C900%2C900italic|font_style:700%20bold%20regular%3A700%3Anormal” subtitle_top_margin=”0″ subtitle_bottom_margin=”10″ sub_tag=”div” text_top_margin=”0″ text_bottom_margin=”0″ use_custom_fonts_title=”true” use_custom_fonts_subtitle=”true” fw=”800″ sub_fs=”16px” fs=”25px” ls=”-0.03em” line_width=”60px” line_height=”5px” line_color=”rgb(18, 38, 107)” lh=”25px” css=”.vc_custom_1614525810356{padding-right: 10% !important;}”][/ld_section_title][/vc_column][vc_column width=”1/4″ offset=”vc_col-md-offset-0″][ld_fancy_heading tag=”p” use_theme_fonts=”” text_font=”font_family:Roboto%3A100%2C100italic%2C300%2C300italic%2Cregular%2Citalic%2C500%2C500italic%2C700%2C700italic%2C900%2C900italic|font_style:500%20bold%20regular%3A500%3Anormal” use_custom_fonts_title=”true” fs=”14px” ls=”-0.05em”]Most of the surveyed members of the “extended Jewish population” identify as Jewish always or in specific situations. Almost every issue shows a dependency of the stability of Jewish identity on one’s origin (the number of Jews among the respondents’ grandparents). Nevertheless, there are differences between various models of Jewishness.[/ld_fancy_heading][/vc_column][vc_column width=”1/4″][ld_fancy_heading tag=”p” use_theme_fonts=”” text_font=”font_family:Roboto%3A100%2C100italic%2C300%2C300italic%2Cregular%2Citalic%2C500%2C500italic%2C700%2C700italic%2C900%2C900italic|font_style:500%20bold%20regular%3A500%3Anormal” use_custom_fonts_title=”true” fs=”14px” ls=”-0.05em”]The ethnic understanding of Jewishness remains the most important factor, i.e. the origin, identity, and pride in the Jewish history and culture. Religious understanding plays a significantly smaller albeit gradually increasing role. In the post-Soviet countries, the system of Jewish religious communities with synagogues, Jewish schools and kindergartens was recreated. In these institutions, Jewishness is defined solely on the basis of the Jewish religious law – the Halakha.[/ld_fancy_heading][/vc_column][vc_column width=”1/4″][ld_fancy_heading tag=”p” use_theme_fonts=”” text_font=”font_family:Roboto%3A100%2C100italic%2C300%2C300italic%2Cregular%2Citalic%2C500%2C500italic%2C700%2C700italic%2C900%2C900italic|font_style:500%20bold%20regular%3A500%3Anormal” use_custom_fonts_title=”true” fs=”14px” ls=”-0.05em”]Today’s post-Soviet Jewish identity was formed as a result of interactions between three fundamentally different models: Soviet, “Sokhnut”, (a broad understanding of “Jewishness” or being related to it in accordance with the Israeli Law of Return) and the Orthodox (religious).

Each of these models looks illogical from the point of view of other models and, without a well-thought-out policy, causes misunderstandings, resentments, and conflicts.[/ld_fancy_heading][/vc_column][/vc_row][vc_row gap=”25″ content_placement=”middle” css=”.vc_custom_1606317642861{margin-right: 5% !important;margin-left: 5% !important;padding-top: 30px !important;padding-bottom: 0px !important;}” responsive_css=”margin_right_small:0px|margin_left_small:0px”][vc_column responsive_css=”margin_right_medium:10%25″][ld_section_title title=”Do you consider yourself Jewish?” title_top_margin=”10″ title_bottom_margin=”20″ add_line=”title-line” tag=”p” use_theme_fonts=”” title_font=”font_family:Roboto%3A100%2C100italic%2C300%2C300italic%2Cregular%2Citalic%2C500%2C500italic%2C700%2C700italic%2C900%2C900italic|font_style:700%20bold%20regular%3A700%3Anormal” subtitle_top_margin=”0″ subtitle_bottom_margin=”10″ text_top_margin=”0″ text_bottom_margin=”0″ use_custom_fonts_title=”true” fs=”18px” ls=”-0.03em” css=”.vc_custom_1614525857300{margin-bottom: 40px !important;}”][/ld_section_title][/vc_column][/vc_row][vc_row gap=”25″ content_placement=”middle” css=”.vc_custom_1606325566092{margin-right: 5% !important;margin-left: 5% !important;padding-top: 0px !important;padding-bottom: 60px !important;}” responsive_css=”margin_right_small:0px|margin_left_small:0px”][vc_column width=”5/12″ responsive_css=”margin_right_medium:20%25″][vc_row_inner css=”.vc_custom_1606313554752{margin-bottom: 0px !important;}”][vc_column_inner width=”1/2″ offset=”vc_col-xs-6″][ld_counter align=”left” size=”lg” bottom_margin=”13″ use_theme_fonts=”” text_font=”font_family:Roboto%3A100%2C100italic%2C300%2C300italic%2Cregular%2Citalic%2C500%2C500italic%2C700%2C700italic%2C900%2C900italic|font_style:700%20bold%20regular%3A700%3Anormal” text_use_theme_fonts=”” 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use_theme_fonts=”” text_font=”font_family:Roboto%3A100%2C100italic%2C300%2C300italic%2Cregular%2Citalic%2C500%2C500italic%2C700%2C700italic%2C900%2C900italic|font_style:700%20bold%20regular%3A700%3Anormal” text_use_theme_fonts=”” text_text_font=”font_family:Roboto%3A100%2C100italic%2C300%2C300italic%2Cregular%2Citalic%2C500%2C500italic%2C700%2C700italic%2C900%2C900italic|font_style:500%20bold%20regular%3A500%3Anormal” enable_gradient=”” enable_hover_gradient=”” use_custom_fonts_title=”true” use_custom_fonts_text=”true” bottom_label=”Never thought about it” count=”8%” fs=”45px” ls=”-0.02em” text_fs=”15px”][/vc_column_inner][/vc_row_inner][/vc_column][vc_column width=”7/12″ offset=”vc_col-md-offset-0″][vc_round_chart style=”custom” stroke_width=”5″ values=”%5B%7B%22title%22%3A%22Yes%2C%20definitely%22%2C%22value%22%3A%2258%25%22%2C%22color%22%3A%22turquoise%22%2C%22custom_color%22%3A%22%230f858b%22%7D%2C%7B%22title%22%3A%22Not%20always%2C%20depends%20on%20circumstances%22%2C%22value%22%3A%2223%25%22%2C%22color%22%3A%22peacoc%22%2C%22custom_color%22%3A%22%23224d6e%22%7D%2C%7B%22title%22%3A%22No%22%2C%22value%22%3A%2210%25%22%2C%22color%22%3A%22pink%22%2C%22custom_color%22%3A%22%234cadc9%22%7D%2C%7B%22title%22%3A%22Never%20thought%20about%20it%22%2C%22value%22%3A%228%25%22%2C%22color%22%3A%22chino%22%2C%22custom_color%22%3A%22%235fcbef%22%7D%5D” animation=”easeOutSine” css=”.vc_custom_1614525923202{padding-bottom: 0px !important;}”][/vc_column][/vc_row][vc_row css=”.vc_custom_1606339354282{padding-top: 40px !important;padding-bottom: 40px !important;}”][vc_column][vc_separator color=”custom” style=”dotted” border_width=”2″ accent_color=”#f2f2f2″][/vc_column][/vc_row][vc_row gap=”25″ content_placement=”middle” css=”.vc_custom_1606317642861{margin-right: 5% !important;margin-left: 5% !important;padding-top: 30px !important;padding-bottom: 0px !important;}” responsive_css=”margin_right_small:0px|margin_left_small:0px”][vc_column responsive_css=”margin_right_medium:10%25″][ld_section_title title=”Do you consider yourself…” title_top_margin=”10″ title_bottom_margin=”20″ add_line=”title-line” tag=”p” use_theme_fonts=”” title_font=”font_family:Roboto%3A100%2C100italic%2C300%2C300italic%2Cregular%2Citalic%2C500%2C500italic%2C700%2C700italic%2C900%2C900italic|font_style:700%20bold%20regular%3A700%3Anormal” subtitle_top_margin=”0″ subtitle_bottom_margin=”10″ text_top_margin=”0″ text_bottom_margin=”0″ use_custom_fonts_title=”true” fs=”18px” ls=”-0.03em” css=”.vc_custom_1614525987667{margin-bottom: 40px !important;}”][/ld_section_title][/vc_column][/vc_row][vc_row gap=”25″ content_placement=”middle” css=”.vc_custom_1606325629731{margin-right: 5% !important;margin-left: 5% !important;padding-top: 0px !important;padding-bottom: 30px !important;}” responsive_css=”margin_right_small:0px|margin_left_small:0px”][vc_column width=”1/2″][vc_round_chart type=”doughnut” style=”custom” stroke_width=”5″ values=”%5B%7B%22title%22%3A%22Simply%20Jewish%22%2C%22value%22%3A%2221%25%22%2C%22color%22%3A%22blue%22%2C%22custom_color%22%3A%22%235fcbef%22%7D%2C%7B%22title%22%3A%22A%20Russian%2FUkrainian%2C%20etc.%20Jew%20%22%2C%22value%22%3A%2231%25%22%2C%22color%22%3A%22pink%22%2C%22custom_color%22%3A%22%23224d6e%22%7D%2C%7B%22title%22%3A%22Russian%2Fetc.%20and%20Jewish%20at%20the%20same%20time%22%2C%22value%22%3A%2218%25%22%2C%22color%22%3A%22pink%22%2C%22custom_color%22%3A%22%230f858b%22%7D%2C%7B%22title%22%3A%22Only%20Russian%2Fa%20member%20of%20another%20non-Jewish%20ethnic%20group%22%2C%22value%22%3A%225%25%22%2C%22color%22%3A%22pink%22%2C%22custom_color%22%3A%22%234bacc9%22%7D%2C%7B%22title%22%3A%22Just%20a%20person%22%2C%22value%22%3A%2220%25%22%2C%22color%22%3A%22pink%22%2C%22custom_color%22%3A%22%230ea374%22%7D%5D”][/vc_column][vc_column width=”1/2″ offset=”vc_col-md-offset-0″ responsive_css=”margin_left_medium:10%25″][vc_row_inner css=”.vc_custom_1606313554752{margin-bottom: 0px !important;}”][vc_column_inner width=”1/3″ offset=”vc_col-xs-6″][ld_counter align=”left” size=”lg” bottom_margin=”13″ use_theme_fonts=”” text_font=”font_family:Roboto%3A100%2C100italic%2C300%2C300italic%2Cregular%2Citalic%2C500%2C500italic%2C700%2C700italic%2C900%2C900italic|font_style:700%20bold%20regular%3A700%3Anormal” text_use_theme_fonts=”” text_text_font=”font_family:Roboto%3A100%2C100italic%2C300%2C300italic%2Cregular%2Citalic%2C500%2C500italic%2C700%2C700italic%2C900%2C900italic|font_style:500%20bold%20regular%3A500%3Anormal” enable_gradient=”” enable_hover_gradient=”” use_custom_fonts_title=”true” use_custom_fonts_text=”true” bottom_label=”Simply Jewish” count=”21%” fs=”45px” ls=”-0.02em” text_fs=”15px”][/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=”1/3″ offset=”vc_col-xs-6″][ld_counter align=”left” size=”lg” bottom_margin=”13″ use_theme_fonts=”” text_font=”font_family:Roboto%3A100%2C100italic%2C300%2C300italic%2Cregular%2Citalic%2C500%2C500italic%2C700%2C700italic%2C900%2C900italic|font_style:700%20bold%20regular%3A700%3Anormal” text_use_theme_fonts=”” text_text_font=”font_family:Roboto%3A100%2C100italic%2C300%2C300italic%2Cregular%2Citalic%2C500%2C500italic%2C700%2C700italic%2C900%2C900italic|font_style:500%20bold%20regular%3A500%3Anormal” enable_gradient=”” enable_hover_gradient=”” use_custom_fonts_title=”true” use_custom_fonts_text=”true” bottom_label=”A Russian/Ukrainian, etc. Jew” count=”31%” fs=”45px” ls=”-0.02em” text_fs=”15px”][/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=”1/3″ offset=”vc_col-xs-6″][ld_counter align=”left” size=”lg” bottom_margin=”13″ use_theme_fonts=”” text_font=”font_family:Roboto%3A100%2C100italic%2C300%2C300italic%2Cregular%2Citalic%2C500%2C500italic%2C700%2C700italic%2C900%2C900italic|font_style:700%20bold%20regular%3A700%3Anormal” text_use_theme_fonts=”” text_text_font=”font_family:Roboto%3A100%2C100italic%2C300%2C300italic%2Cregular%2Citalic%2C500%2C500italic%2C700%2C700italic%2C900%2C900italic|font_style:500%20bold%20regular%3A500%3Anormal” enable_gradient=”” enable_hover_gradient=”” use_custom_fonts_title=”true” use_custom_fonts_text=”true” bottom_label=”Russian/etc. and Jewish at the same time” count=”18%” fs=”45px” ls=”-0.02em” text_fs=”15px”][/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=”1/3″ offset=”vc_col-xs-6″][ld_counter align=”left” size=”lg” bottom_margin=”13″ use_theme_fonts=”” text_font=”font_family:Roboto%3A100%2C100italic%2C300%2C300italic%2Cregular%2Citalic%2C500%2C500italic%2C700%2C700italic%2C900%2C900italic|font_style:700%20bold%20regular%3A700%3Anormal” text_use_theme_fonts=”” text_text_font=”font_family:Roboto%3A100%2C100italic%2C300%2C300italic%2Cregular%2Citalic%2C500%2C500italic%2C700%2C700italic%2C900%2C900italic|font_style:500%20bold%20regular%3A500%3Anormal” enable_gradient=”” enable_hover_gradient=”” use_custom_fonts_title=”true” use_custom_fonts_text=”true” bottom_label=”Only Russian/a member of another non-Jewish ethnic group” count=”5%” fs=”45px” ls=”-0.02em” text_fs=”15px”][/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=”1/3″ offset=”vc_col-xs-6″][ld_counter align=”left” size=”lg” bottom_margin=”13″ use_theme_fonts=”” text_font=”font_family:Roboto%3A100%2C100italic%2C300%2C300italic%2Cregular%2Citalic%2C500%2C500italic%2C700%2C700italic%2C900%2C900italic|font_style:700%20bold%20regular%3A700%3Anormal” text_use_theme_fonts=”” text_text_font=”font_family:Roboto%3A100%2C100italic%2C300%2C300italic%2Cregular%2Citalic%2C500%2C500italic%2C700%2C700italic%2C900%2C900italic|font_style:500%20bold%20regular%3A500%3Anormal” enable_gradient=”” enable_hover_gradient=”” use_custom_fonts_title=”true” use_custom_fonts_text=”true” bottom_label=”Just a person” count=”20%” fs=”45px” ls=”-0.02em” text_fs=”15px”][/vc_column_inner][/vc_row_inner][/vc_column][/vc_row][vc_row gap=”35″ css=”.vc_custom_1606339658514{margin-right: 5% !important;margin-left: 5% !important;padding-top: 30px !important;padding-bottom: 30px !important;}” responsive_css=”margin_right_small:0px|margin_left_small:0px”][vc_column width=”1/3″][ld_fancy_heading tag=”p” use_theme_fonts=”” text_font=”font_family:Roboto%3A100%2C100italic%2C300%2C300italic%2Cregular%2Citalic%2C500%2C500italic%2C700%2C700italic%2C900%2C900italic|font_style:500%20bold%20regular%3A500%3Anormal” use_custom_fonts_title=”true” fs=”14px” ls=”-0.05em”]81% of respondents feel Jewish always or in relevant situations. This number reaches 95% among respondents with 3-4 Jewish grandparents.[/ld_fancy_heading][/vc_column][vc_column width=”1/3″ offset=”vc_col-md-offset-0″][ld_fancy_heading tag=”p” use_theme_fonts=”” text_font=”font_family:Roboto%3A100%2C100italic%2C300%2C300italic%2Cregular%2Citalic%2C500%2C500italic%2C700%2C700italic%2C900%2C900italic|font_style:500%20bold%20regular%3A500%3Anormal” use_custom_fonts_title=”true” fs=”14px” ls=”-0.05em”]There is a tendency towards a local Jewish identity that prevails over the universal one.[/ld_fancy_heading][ld_fancy_heading tag=”p” use_theme_fonts=”” text_font=”font_family:Roboto%3A100%2C100italic%2C300%2C300italic%2Cregular%2Citalic%2C500%2C500italic%2C700%2C700italic%2C900%2C900italic|font_style:500%20bold%20regular%3A500%3Anormal” use_custom_fonts_title=”true” fs=”14px” ls=”-0.05em”]The “Soviet Jewry” concept is losing its relevance. Meanwhile most people believe in the existence of a “transnational Russian-speaking Jewish community”.[/ld_fancy_heading][/vc_column][vc_column width=”1/3″][ld_fancy_heading tag=”p” use_theme_fonts=”” text_font=”font_family:Roboto%3A100%2C100italic%2C300%2C300italic%2Cregular%2Citalic%2C500%2C500italic%2C700%2C700italic%2C900%2C900italic|font_style:500%20bold%20regular%3A500%3Anormal” use_custom_fonts_title=”true” fs=”14px” ls=”-0.05em”]The “post-modernist” model of non-assignment to a certain ethnic group is of a growing interest.[/ld_fancy_heading][ld_fancy_heading tag=”p” use_theme_fonts=”” text_font=”font_family:Roboto%3A100%2C100italic%2C300%2C300italic%2Cregular%2Citalic%2C500%2C500italic%2C700%2C700italic%2C900%2C900italic|font_style:500%20bold%20regular%3A500%3Anormal” use_custom_fonts_title=”true” fs=”14px” ls=”-0.05em”]We can see correlation between the strength of one’s Jewish feelings, the clarity of self-identification (the universal Jewish identity), and the number of Jewish grandparents.[/ld_fancy_heading][/vc_column][/vc_row][vc_row css=”.vc_custom_1606339557934{padding-top: 40px !important;padding-bottom: 40px !important;}”][vc_column][vc_separator color=”custom” style=”dotted” border_width=”2″ accent_color=”#f2f2f2″][/vc_column][/vc_row][vc_row gap=”25″ content_placement=”middle” css=”.vc_custom_1606339665384{margin-right: 5% !important;margin-left: 5% !important;padding-top: 30px !important;padding-bottom: 0px !important;}” responsive_css=”margin_right_small:0px|margin_left_small:0px”][vc_column responsive_css=”margin_right_medium:10%25″][ld_section_title title=”What does it mean to be Jewish/part of the Jewish nation?” title_top_margin=”10″ title_bottom_margin=”20″ add_line=”title-line” tag=”p” use_theme_fonts=”” title_font=”font_family:Roboto%3A100%2C100italic%2C300%2C300italic%2Cregular%2Citalic%2C500%2C500italic%2C700%2C700italic%2C900%2C900italic|font_style:700%20bold%20regular%3A700%3Anormal” subtitle_top_margin=”0″ subtitle_bottom_margin=”10″ text_top_margin=”0″ text_bottom_margin=”0″ use_custom_fonts_title=”true” fs=”18px” ls=”-0.03em” css=”.vc_custom_1614526162164{margin-bottom: 40px !important;}”][/ld_section_title][/vc_column][/vc_row][vc_row gap=”25″ content_placement=”middle” css=”.vc_custom_1606319675162{margin-right: 5% !important;margin-left: 5% !important;padding-top: 10px !important;padding-bottom: 30px !important;}” responsive_css=”margin_right_small:0px|margin_left_small:0px”][vc_column width=”1/2″ responsive_css=”margin_right_medium:10%25″][vc_progress_bar values=”%5B%7B%22label%22%3A%221.%20TO%20FEEL%20BELONGING%20TO%20THE%20JEWISH%20NATION%20%E2%80%93%20%20%22%2C%22value%22%3A%2273%22%2C%22color%22%3A%22custom%22%2C%22customcolor%22%3A%22rgba(15%2C133%2C139%2C0.25)%22%2C%22customtxtcolor%22%3A%22%23000000%22%7D%2C%7B%22label%22%3A%222.%20TO%20BE%20PROUD%20OF%20THE%20JEWISH%20HISTORY%20AND%20CULTURE%20%E2%80%93%22%2C%22value%22%3A%2258%22%2C%22color%22%3A%22custom%22%2C%22customcolor%22%3A%22rgba(15%2C133%2C139%2C0.25)%22%2C%22customtxtcolor%22%3A%22%23000000%22%7D%2C%7B%22label%22%3A%223.%20TO%20ADHERE%20TO%20THE%20JEWISH%20CUSTOMS%2C%20TRADITIONS%20AND%20CULTURE%20%E2%80%93%22%2C%22value%22%3A%2238%22%2C%22color%22%3A%22custom%22%2C%22customcolor%22%3A%22rgba(15%2C133%2C139%2C0.25)%22%2C%22customtxtcolor%22%3A%22%23000000%22%7D%2C%7B%22label%22%3A%224.%20TO%20HAVE%20JEWISH%20PARENTS%20%E2%80%93%20%20%22%2C%22value%22%3A%2233%22%2C%22color%22%3A%22custom%22%2C%22customcolor%22%3A%22rgba(15%2C133%2C139%2C0.25)%22%2C%22customtxtcolor%22%3A%22%23000000%22%7D%2C%7B%22label%22%3A%225.%20TO%20PARTICIPATE%20IN%20THE%20JEWISH%20COMMUNITY%20LIFE%20%E2%80%93%20%20%22%2C%22value%22%3A%2222%22%2C%22color%22%3A%22custom%22%2C%22customcolor%22%3A%22rgba(15%2C133%2C139%2C0.25)%22%2C%22customtxtcolor%22%3A%22%23000000%22%7D%2C%7B%22label%22%3A%226.%20TO%20FIGHT%20ANTI-SEMITISM%20%E2%80%93%20%20%22%2C%22value%22%3A%2217%22%2C%22color%22%3A%22custom%22%2C%22customcolor%22%3A%22rgba(15%2C133%2C139%2C0.25)%22%2C%22customtxtcolor%22%3A%22%23000000%22%7D%2C%7B%22label%22%3A%227.%20TO%20KEEP%20RELIGIOUS%20COMMANDMENTS%2C%20ATTEND%20THE%20SYNAGOGUE%20%20%E2%80%93%20%20%22%2C%22value%22%3A%2216%22%2C%22color%22%3A%22custom%22%2C%22customcolor%22%3A%22rgba(15%2C133%2C139%2C0.25)%22%2C%22customtxtcolor%22%3A%22%23000000%22%7D%5D” options=”animated” units=”%”][/vc_column][vc_column width=”1/2″ offset=”vc_col-md-offset-0″][vc_progress_bar values=”%5B%7B%22label%22%3A%228.%20TO%20HELP%20OTHER%20JEWS%20%E2%80%93%20%20%22%2C%22value%22%3A%2215%22%2C%22color%22%3A%22custom%22%2C%22customcolor%22%3A%22rgba(15%2C133%2C139%2C0.25)%22%2C%22customtxtcolor%22%3A%22%23000000%22%7D%2C%7B%22label%22%3A%229-10.%20TO%20BE%20A%20PATRIOT%20OF%20THE%20JEWISH%20STATE%20%E2%80%93%20%20%22%2C%22value%22%3A%2213%22%2C%22color%22%3A%22custom%22%2C%22customcolor%22%3A%22rgba(15%2C133%2C139%2C0.25)%22%2C%22customtxtcolor%22%3A%22%23000000%22%7D%2C%7B%22label%22%3A%229-10.%20TO%20TRY%20TO%20GET%20AND%20GIVE%20YOUR%20CHILDREN%20A%20JEWISH%20EDUCATION%20%E2%80%93%22%2C%22value%22%3A%2213%22%2C%22color%22%3A%22custom%22%2C%22customcolor%22%3A%22rgba(15%2C133%2C139%2C0.25)%22%2C%22customtxtcolor%22%3A%22%23000000%22%7D%2C%7B%22label%22%3A%2211-12.%20TO%20HAVE%20A%20JEWISH%20SPOUSE%20%E2%80%93%20%20%22%2C%22value%22%3A%2211%22%2C%22color%22%3A%22custom%22%2C%22customcolor%22%3A%22rgba(15%2C133%2C139%2C0.25)%22%2C%22customtxtcolor%22%3A%22%23000000%22%7D%2C%7B%22label%22%3A%2211-12.%20TO%20KNOW%20AND%20SPEAK%20HEBREW%20%E2%80%93%20%20%22%2C%22value%22%3A%2211%22%2C%22color%22%3A%22custom%22%2C%22customcolor%22%3A%22rgba(15%2C133%2C139%2C0.25)%22%2C%22customtxtcolor%22%3A%22%23000000%22%7D%2C%7B%22label%22%3A%2213.%20TO%20LIVE%20IN%20ISRAEL%20%E2%80%93%20%20%22%2C%22value%22%3A%227%22%2C%22color%22%3A%22custom%22%2C%22customcolor%22%3A%22rgba(15%2C133%2C139%2C0.25)%22%2C%22customtxtcolor%22%3A%22%23000000%22%7D%2C%7B%22label%22%3A%2214.%20TO%20KNOW%20AND%20SPEAK%20YIDDISH%20AND%20OTHER%20LANGUAGES%20OF%20THE%20JEWISH%20DIASPORA%20%E2%80%93%20%20%22%2C%22value%22%3A%225%22%2C%22color%22%3A%22custom%22%2C%22customcolor%22%3A%22rgba(15%2C133%2C139%2C0.25)%22%2C%22customtxtcolor%22%3A%22%23000000%22%7D%5D” options=”animated” units=”%”][/vc_column][/vc_row][vc_row gap=”30″ css=”.vc_custom_1606395033574{margin-right: 5% !important;margin-left: 5% !important;padding-top: 30px !important;padding-bottom: 30px !important;}” responsive_css=”margin_right_small:0px|margin_left_small:0px”][vc_column width=”1/3″][ld_fancy_heading tag=”p” use_theme_fonts=”” text_font=”font_family:Roboto%3A100%2C100italic%2C300%2C300italic%2Cregular%2Citalic%2C500%2C500italic%2C700%2C700italic%2C900%2C900italic|font_style:500%20bold%20regular%3A500%3Anormal” use_custom_fonts_title=”true” fs=”14px” ls=”-0.05em”]Compared to a similar survey that was conducted in 2005, the top three issues remained unchanged. However, while 58% of respondents considered adhering to the Jewish customs and traditions an important component of self-awareness in 2005, only 38% of respondents thought so in 2019.[/ld_fancy_heading][/vc_column][vc_column width=”1/3″ offset=”vc_col-md-offset-0″][ld_fancy_heading tag=”p” use_theme_fonts=”” text_font=”font_family:Roboto%3A100%2C100italic%2C300%2C300italic%2Cregular%2Citalic%2C500%2C500italic%2C700%2C700italic%2C900%2C900italic|font_style:500%20bold%20regular%3A500%3Anormal” use_custom_fonts_title=”true” fs=”14px” ls=”-0.05em”]A similar picture can be observed with the keeping of religious commandments and attending the synagogue: 27.7% in 2005 and just 16% in 2019.[/ld_fancy_heading][/vc_column][vc_column width=”1/3″][ld_fancy_heading tag=”p” use_theme_fonts=”” text_font=”font_family:Roboto%3A100%2C100italic%2C300%2C300italic%2Cregular%2Citalic%2C500%2C500italic%2C700%2C700italic%2C900%2C900italic|font_style:500%20bold%20regular%3A500%3Anormal” use_custom_fonts_title=”true” fs=”14px” ls=”-0.05em”]The share of those who believe that patriotism towards Israel is an important component has also significantly decreased (from 40% in 2005 to 13% in 2019). The same applies to “helping other Jews” (decreased from 41.3% to 15%).[/ld_fancy_heading][/vc_column][/vc_row][/vc_section][vc_section el_id=”assimilation” css=”.vc_custom_1606339567886{padding-top: 100px !important;padding-bottom: 100px !important;background-color: #f9f9f9 !important;}”][vc_row gap=”25″ css=”.vc_custom_1606313022474{margin-right: 5% !important;margin-left: 5% !important;padding-top: 30px !important;padding-bottom: 30px !important;}” responsive_css=”margin_right_small:0px|margin_left_small:0px”][vc_column width=”1/4″][ld_section_title title=”Assimilation issues” title_top_margin=”10″ title_bottom_margin=”10″ add_line=”underline-fancy-title” tag=”p” use_theme_fonts=”” title_font=”font_family:Roboto%3A100%2C100italic%2C300%2C300italic%2Cregular%2Citalic%2C500%2C500italic%2C700%2C700italic%2C900%2C900italic|font_style:700%20bold%20regular%3A700%3Anormal” subtitle_top_margin=”0″ subtitle_bottom_margin=”10″ sub_tag=”div” text_top_margin=”0″ text_bottom_margin=”0″ use_custom_fonts_title=”true” use_custom_fonts_subtitle=”true” fw=”800″ sub_fs=”16px” fs=”25px” ls=”-0.03em” line_width=”60px” line_height=”5px” line_color=”rgb(18, 38, 107)” lh=”25px” css=”.vc_custom_1614539847061{padding-right: 10% !important;}”][/ld_section_title][/vc_column][vc_column width=”1/4″ offset=”vc_col-md-offset-0″][ld_fancy_heading tag=”p” use_theme_fonts=”” text_font=”font_family:Roboto%3A100%2C100italic%2C300%2C300italic%2Cregular%2Citalic%2C500%2C500italic%2C700%2C700italic%2C900%2C900italic|font_style:500%20bold%20regular%3A500%3Anormal” use_custom_fonts_title=”true” fs=”14px” ls=”-0.05em”]The future of Jewish identity is not obvious due to rather mild and even positive attitude towards mixed marriages.[/ld_fancy_heading][/vc_column][vc_column width=”1/4″][ld_fancy_heading tag=”p” use_theme_fonts=”” text_font=”font_family:Roboto%3A100%2C100italic%2C300%2C300italic%2Cregular%2Citalic%2C500%2C500italic%2C700%2C700italic%2C900%2C900italic|font_style:500%20bold%20regular%3A500%3Anormal” use_custom_fonts_title=”true” fs=”14px” ls=”-0.05em”]In addition, comparison between the 2005 and 2019 studies shows that parents and grandparents are much less concerned whether their children and grandchildren preserve their Jewish identity.[/ld_fancy_heading][/vc_column][vc_column width=”1/4″][ld_fancy_heading tag=”p” use_theme_fonts=”” text_font=”font_family:Roboto%3A100%2C100italic%2C300%2C300italic%2Cregular%2Citalic%2C500%2C500italic%2C700%2C700italic%2C900%2C900italic|font_style:500%20bold%20regular%3A500%3Anormal” use_custom_fonts_title=”true” fs=”14px” ls=”-0.05em”]At the same time, only a small percentage of respondents doubt the importance of Jewish education.
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units=”%”][/vc_column][/vc_row][/vc_section][vc_section el_id=”religion” css=”.vc_custom_1606339819133{padding-top: 100px !important;padding-bottom: 100px !important;}”][vc_row gap=”25″ css=”.vc_custom_1606313022474{margin-right: 5% !important;margin-left: 5% !important;padding-top: 30px !important;padding-bottom: 30px !important;}” responsive_css=”margin_right_small:0px|margin_left_small:0px”][vc_column width=”1/4″][ld_section_title title=”Questions of religion” title_top_margin=”10″ title_bottom_margin=”10″ add_line=”underline-fancy-title” tag=”p” use_theme_fonts=”” title_font=”font_family:Roboto%3A100%2C100italic%2C300%2C300italic%2Cregular%2Citalic%2C500%2C500italic%2C700%2C700italic%2C900%2C900italic|font_style:700%20bold%20regular%3A700%3Anormal” subtitle_top_margin=”0″ subtitle_bottom_margin=”10″ sub_tag=”div” text_top_margin=”0″ text_bottom_margin=”0″ use_custom_fonts_title=”true” use_custom_fonts_subtitle=”true” fw=”800″ sub_fs=”16px” fs=”25px” ls=”-0.03em” line_width=”60px” line_height=”5px” line_color=”rgb(18, 38, 107)” lh=”25px” css=”.vc_custom_1614537101167{padding-right: 10% !important;}”][/ld_section_title][/vc_column][vc_column width=”1/4″ offset=”vc_col-md-offset-0″][ld_fancy_heading tag=”p” use_theme_fonts=”” text_font=”font_family:Roboto%3A100%2C100italic%2C300%2C300italic%2Cregular%2Citalic%2C500%2C500italic%2C700%2C700italic%2C900%2C900italic|font_style:500%20bold%20regular%3A500%3Anormal” use_custom_fonts_title=”true” fs=”14px” ls=”-0.05em”]The Soviet legacy continues to allocate religion a moderate role in the Jewish identity and determines the uniqueness of the post-Soviet Jewish identity model, in which ethno-national components prevail over religious ones, thus making the connection between following Judaism and Jewish self-identification not so straightforward.[/ld_fancy_heading][/vc_column][vc_column width=”1/4″][ld_fancy_heading tag=”p” use_theme_fonts=”” text_font=”font_family:Roboto%3A100%2C100italic%2C300%2C300italic%2Cregular%2Citalic%2C500%2C500italic%2C700%2C700italic%2C900%2C900italic|font_style:500%20bold%20regular%3A500%3Anormal” use_custom_fonts_title=”true” fs=”14px” ls=”-0.05em”]Nevertheless, the growth of interest in Judaism and religion in the post-Soviet years has indicated stable “adherence” to Judaism in the broadest sense of the word. It does not always envisage the keeping of commandments, but is of a more traditional, ethno-national, and collective nature. Among those who do not consider themselves religious, 32% called Judaism their religion above all.[/ld_fancy_heading][/vc_column][vc_column width=”1/4″][ld_fancy_heading tag=”p” use_theme_fonts=”” text_font=”font_family:Roboto%3A100%2C100italic%2C300%2C300italic%2Cregular%2Citalic%2C500%2C500italic%2C700%2C700italic%2C900%2C900italic|font_style:500%20bold%20regular%3A500%3Anormal” use_custom_fonts_title=”true” fs=”14px” ls=”-0.05em”]The share of those who consider Judaism their religion fell from 60% in 2005 to 43% in 2020 mainly due to an increase in the share of consistent atheists (which raised from 14.5% to 22%). The share of those who profess different religions, Christianity in particular, remains practically unchanged. As in other issues researched, the number of Jewish parents influences the stability of Jewish identity in the choice of adherence to Judaism, too.[/ld_fancy_heading][/vc_column][/vc_row][vc_row gap=”25″ content_placement=”middle” css=”.vc_custom_1606317642861{margin-right: 5% !important;margin-left: 5% !important;padding-top: 30px !important;padding-bottom: 0px !important;}” responsive_css=”margin_right_small:0px|margin_left_small:0px”][vc_column responsive_css=”margin_right_medium:10%25″][ld_section_title title=”Do you consider yourself religious?” title_top_margin=”10″ title_bottom_margin=”20″ add_line=”title-line” tag=”p” use_theme_fonts=”” title_font=”font_family:Roboto%3A100%2C100italic%2C300%2C300italic%2Cregular%2Citalic%2C500%2C500italic%2C700%2C700italic%2C900%2C900italic|font_style:700%20bold%20regular%3A700%3Anormal” subtitle_top_margin=”0″ subtitle_bottom_margin=”10″ text_top_margin=”0″ text_bottom_margin=”0″ use_custom_fonts_title=”true” fs=”18px” ls=”-0.03em” css=”.vc_custom_1614537147160{margin-bottom: 40px !important;}”][/ld_section_title][/vc_column][/vc_row][vc_row gap=”25″ content_placement=”middle” css=”.vc_custom_1606325669773{margin-right: 5% !important;margin-left: 5% !important;padding-top: 0px !important;padding-bottom: 60px !important;}” responsive_css=”margin_right_small:0px|margin_left_small:0px”][vc_column width=”1/2″][vc_round_chart style=”custom” stroke_width=”5″ values=”%5B%7B%22title%22%3A%22Yes%22%2C%22value%22%3A%2227%25%22%2C%22color%22%3A%22blue%22%2C%22custom_color%22%3A%22%235fcbef%22%7D%2C%7B%22title%22%3A%22No%22%2C%22value%22%3A%2248%25%22%2C%22color%22%3A%22pink%22%2C%22custom_color%22%3A%22%23224d6e%22%7D%2C%7B%22title%22%3A%22Hard%20to%20tell%22%2C%22value%22%3A%2225%25%22%2C%22color%22%3A%22pink%22%2C%22custom_color%22%3A%22%230f858b%22%7D%5D”][/vc_column][vc_column width=”1/2″ offset=”vc_col-md-offset-0″ responsive_css=”margin_left_medium:10%25″][vc_row_inner css=”.vc_custom_1606313554752{margin-bottom: 0px !important;}”][vc_column_inner width=”1/3″ offset=”vc_col-xs-6″][ld_counter align=”left” size=”lg” bottom_margin=”13″ use_theme_fonts=”” text_font=”font_family:Roboto%3A100%2C100italic%2C300%2C300italic%2Cregular%2Citalic%2C500%2C500italic%2C700%2C700italic%2C900%2C900italic|font_style:700%20bold%20regular%3A700%3Anormal” text_use_theme_fonts=”” text_text_font=”font_family:Roboto%3A100%2C100italic%2C300%2C300italic%2Cregular%2Citalic%2C500%2C500italic%2C700%2C700italic%2C900%2C900italic|font_style:500%20bold%20regular%3A500%3Anormal” enable_gradient=”” enable_hover_gradient=”” use_custom_fonts_title=”true” use_custom_fonts_text=”true” bottom_label=”Yes” count=”27%” fs=”45px” ls=”-0.02em” text_fs=”15px”][/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=”1/3″ offset=”vc_col-xs-6″][ld_counter align=”left” size=”lg” bottom_margin=”13″ use_theme_fonts=”” 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equal_height=”yes” gap=”20″ css=”.vc_custom_1606336330815{margin-bottom: 0px !important;}” responsive_css=”margin_right_medium:30px|margin_left_medium:30px|padding_top_medium:20px”][vc_column_inner width=”1/4″ offset=”vc_col-xs-6″][ld_counter align=”left” size=”lg” bottom_margin=”13″ use_theme_fonts=”” text_font=”font_family:Roboto%3A100%2C100italic%2C300%2C300italic%2Cregular%2Citalic%2C500%2C500italic%2C700%2C700italic%2C900%2C900italic|font_style:700%20bold%20regular%3A700%3Anormal” text_use_theme_fonts=”” text_text_font=”font_family:Roboto%3A100%2C100italic%2C300%2C300italic%2Cregular%2Citalic%2C500%2C500italic%2C700%2C700italic%2C900%2C900italic|font_style:500%20bold%20regular%3A500%3Anormal” enable_gradient=”” enable_hover_gradient=”” use_custom_fonts_title=”true” use_custom_fonts_text=”true” bottom_label=”Fully/always” count=”41%” fs=”45px” ls=”-0.02em” text_fs=”15px”][/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=”1/4″ offset=”vc_col-xs-6″][ld_counter align=”left” size=”lg” bottom_margin=”13″ use_theme_fonts=”” text_font=”font_family:Roboto%3A100%2C100italic%2C300%2C300italic%2Cregular%2Citalic%2C500%2C500italic%2C700%2C700italic%2C900%2C900italic|font_style:700%20bold%20regular%3A700%3Anormal” text_use_theme_fonts=”” text_text_font=”font_family:Roboto%3A100%2C100italic%2C300%2C300italic%2Cregular%2Citalic%2C500%2C500italic%2C700%2C700italic%2C900%2C900italic|font_style:500%20bold%20regular%3A500%3Anormal” enable_gradient=”” enable_hover_gradient=”” use_custom_fonts_title=”true” use_custom_fonts_text=”true” bottom_label=”Partially/sometimes” count=”29%” fs=”45px” ls=”-0.02em” text_fs=”15px”][/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=”1/4″ offset=”vc_col-xs-6″][ld_counter align=”left” size=”lg” bottom_margin=”13″ use_theme_fonts=”” text_font=”font_family:Roboto%3A100%2C100italic%2C300%2C300italic%2Cregular%2Citalic%2C500%2C500italic%2C700%2C700italic%2C900%2C900italic|font_style:700%20bold%20regular%3A700%3Anormal” text_use_theme_fonts=”” 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bottom_margin=”13″ use_theme_fonts=”” text_font=”font_family:Roboto%3A100%2C100italic%2C300%2C300italic%2Cregular%2Citalic%2C500%2C500italic%2C700%2C700italic%2C900%2C900italic|font_style:700%20bold%20regular%3A700%3Anormal” text_use_theme_fonts=”” text_text_font=”font_family:Roboto%3A100%2C100italic%2C300%2C300italic%2Cregular%2Citalic%2C500%2C500italic%2C700%2C700italic%2C900%2C900italic|font_style:500%20bold%20regular%3A500%3Anormal” enable_gradient=”” enable_hover_gradient=”” use_custom_fonts_title=”true” use_custom_fonts_text=”true” bottom_label=”Never” count=”40%” fs=”45px” ls=”-0.02em” text_fs=”15px”][/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=”1/4″ offset=”vc_col-xs-6″][ld_counter align=”left” size=”lg” bottom_margin=”13″ use_theme_fonts=”” text_font=”font_family:Roboto%3A100%2C100italic%2C300%2C300italic%2Cregular%2Citalic%2C500%2C500italic%2C700%2C700italic%2C900%2C900italic|font_style:700%20bold%20regular%3A700%3Anormal” text_use_theme_fonts=”” text_text_font=”font_family:Roboto%3A100%2C100italic%2C300%2C300italic%2Cregular%2Citalic%2C500%2C500italic%2C700%2C700italic%2C900%2C900italic|font_style:500%20bold%20regular%3A500%3Anormal” enable_gradient=”” enable_hover_gradient=”” use_custom_fonts_title=”true” use_custom_fonts_text=”true” bottom_label=”Hard to tell” count=”7%” fs=”45px” ls=”-0.02em” text_fs=”15px”][/vc_column_inner][/vc_row_inner][/ld_tab_section][/ld_tabs][/vc_column][/vc_row][vc_row gap=”25″ css=”.vc_custom_1606313022474{margin-right: 5% !important;margin-left: 5% !important;padding-top: 30px !important;padding-bottom: 30px !important;}” responsive_css=”margin_right_small:0px|margin_left_small:0px”][vc_column width=”1/4″][ld_fancy_heading tag=”p” use_theme_fonts=”” text_font=”font_family:Roboto%3A100%2C100italic%2C300%2C300italic%2Cregular%2Citalic%2C500%2C500italic%2C700%2C700italic%2C900%2C900italic|font_style:500%20bold%20regular%3A500%3Anormal” use_custom_fonts_title=”true” fs=”14px” ls=”-0.05em”]Public observance of the norms of Judaism, including attending the synagogue, is more of a community socialization factor than a religiosity criterion. Respondents are more active in public or family ceremonies (holidays, Passover, Hanukkah) than in keeping Jewish traditions that are related to personal space (Shabbat, Yom Kippur, kashrut).[/ld_fancy_heading][/vc_column][vc_column width=”1/4″ offset=”vc_col-md-offset-0″][ld_fancy_heading tag=”p” use_theme_fonts=”” text_font=”font_family:Roboto%3A100%2C100italic%2C300%2C300italic%2Cregular%2Citalic%2C500%2C500italic%2C700%2C700italic%2C900%2C900italic|font_style:500%20bold%20regular%3A500%3Anormal” use_custom_fonts_title=”true” fs=”14px” ls=”-0.05em”]We can find at least three partially competing and partially interacting models of attitudes to religion in the Jewish environment in the post-Soviet space today.

The first model is the “classical” (neo-traditionalist) view of the Jewry as an ethno-confessional or communal-confessional community. In it, Judaism as religion becomes the core of Jewish identity and religious institutions are the basis for this community.[/ld_fancy_heading][/vc_column][vc_column width=”1/4″][ld_fancy_heading tag=”p” use_theme_fonts=”” text_font=”font_family:Roboto%3A100%2C100italic%2C300%2C300italic%2Cregular%2Citalic%2C500%2C500italic%2C700%2C700italic%2C900%2C900italic|font_style:500%20bold%20regular%3A500%3Anormal” use_custom_fonts_title=”true” fs=”14px” ls=”-0.05em”]The second model is based on the secular vision of Jewry as a “national” (ethnic status) group formed in the Soviet times. The Jewish religion here plays the role of a positive ethnic symbol that has been de-actualized in everyday life.

The third, a “postmodern” model, on the contrary, considers multiculturalism, mixed ethnicity, and diversified religiosity as an acceptable and, in a sense, desirable element of Jewish life.[/ld_fancy_heading][/vc_column][vc_column width=”1/4″][ld_fancy_heading tag=”p” use_theme_fonts=”” text_font=”font_family:Roboto%3A100%2C100italic%2C300%2C300italic%2Cregular%2Citalic%2C500%2C500italic%2C700%2C700italic%2C900%2C900italic|font_style:500%20bold%20regular%3A500%3Anormal” use_custom_fonts_title=”true” fs=”14px” ls=”-0.05em”]All these models and trends can contribute to the processes of ethnic consolidation and assimilation of the post-Soviet Jewry.[/ld_fancy_heading][/vc_column][/vc_row][/vc_section][vc_section el_id=”israel” css=”.vc_custom_1606339863213{padding-top: 100px !important;padding-bottom: 100px !important;background-color: #f9f9f9 !important;}”][vc_row gap=”25″ css=”.vc_custom_1606313022474{margin-right: 5% !important;margin-left: 5% !important;padding-top: 30px !important;padding-bottom: 30px !important;}” responsive_css=”margin_right_small:0px|margin_left_small:0px”][vc_column width=”1/4″][ld_section_title title=”Connection to Israel” title_top_margin=”10″ title_bottom_margin=”10″ add_line=”underline-fancy-title” tag=”p” use_theme_fonts=”” title_font=”font_family:Roboto%3A100%2C100italic%2C300%2C300italic%2Cregular%2Citalic%2C500%2C500italic%2C700%2C700italic%2C900%2C900italic|font_style:700%20bold%20regular%3A700%3Anormal” subtitle_top_margin=”0″ subtitle_bottom_margin=”10″ sub_tag=”div” text_top_margin=”0″ text_bottom_margin=”0″ use_custom_fonts_title=”true” use_custom_fonts_subtitle=”true” fw=”800″ sub_fs=”16px” fs=”25px” ls=”-0.03em” line_width=”60px” line_height=”5px” line_color=”rgb(18, 38, 107)” lh=”25px” css=”.vc_custom_1614538922659{padding-right: 10% !important;}”][/ld_section_title][/vc_column][vc_column width=”1/4″ offset=”vc_col-md-offset-0″][ld_fancy_heading tag=”p” use_theme_fonts=”” text_font=”font_family:Roboto%3A100%2C100italic%2C300%2C300italic%2Cregular%2Citalic%2C500%2C500italic%2C700%2C700italic%2C900%2C900italic|font_style:500%20bold%20regular%3A500%3Anormal” use_custom_fonts_title=”true” fs=”14px” ls=”-0.05em”]Israel was and remains the most important factor in the personal, cultural, and ethno-national identification of Jews of the former USSR. 55% of respondents (excluding Kazakhstan) visited Israel at least once. Another 5% have spent part of their lives in Israel.[/ld_fancy_heading][/vc_column][vc_column width=”1/4″][ld_fancy_heading tag=”p” use_theme_fonts=”” text_font=”font_family:Roboto%3A100%2C100italic%2C300%2C300italic%2Cregular%2Citalic%2C500%2C500italic%2C700%2C700italic%2C900%2C900italic|font_style:500%20bold%20regular%3A500%3Anormal” use_custom_fonts_title=”true” fs=”14px” ls=”-0.05em”]The most attractive aspects of Israel for those polled in Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, and Moldova included its Jewish character (46%) and the fact that this “economically developed state provides good opportunities for life” (56%). Only 4% of respondents thought “there is nothing attractive in that country” or found it difficult to answer the question.[/ld_fancy_heading][/vc_column][vc_column width=”1/4″][ld_fancy_heading tag=”p” use_theme_fonts=”” text_font=”font_family:Roboto%3A100%2C100italic%2C300%2C300italic%2Cregular%2Citalic%2C500%2C500italic%2C700%2C700italic%2C900%2C900italic|font_style:500%20bold%20regular%3A500%3Anormal” use_custom_fonts_title=”true” fs=”14px” ls=”-0.05em”]Identification with Israel is also linked to respondents’ patriotism for the country of residence. It is interesting that 20% of respondents named Israel or Israel and the country of their residence as “their country to the greatest extent”. On the other hand, more than 70% of respondents believe that Jews should be patriots of both their country of residence and of Israel.

So, the “poly-loyal” model of the democratic countries of the West has also been accepted in FSU countries.[/ld_fancy_heading][/vc_column][/vc_row][vc_row gap=”25″ content_placement=”middle” css=”.vc_custom_1606317642861{margin-right: 5% !important;margin-left: 5% !important;padding-top: 30px !important;padding-bottom: 0px !important;}” responsive_css=”margin_right_small:0px|margin_left_small:0px”][vc_column responsive_css=”margin_right_medium:10%25″][ld_section_title title=”Solidarity with Israel” title_top_margin=”10″ title_bottom_margin=”20″ add_line=”title-line” tag=”p” use_theme_fonts=”” title_font=”font_family:Roboto%3A100%2C100italic%2C300%2C300italic%2Cregular%2Citalic%2C500%2C500italic%2C700%2C700italic%2C900%2C900italic|font_style:700%20bold%20regular%3A700%3Anormal” subtitle_top_margin=”0″ subtitle_bottom_margin=”10″ text_top_margin=”0″ text_bottom_margin=”0″ use_custom_fonts_title=”true” fs=”18px” ls=”-0.03em” css=”.vc_custom_1614538982617{margin-bottom: 40px 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its Jewish character?” title_top_margin=”10″ title_bottom_margin=”20″ add_line=”title-line” tag=”p” use_theme_fonts=”” title_font=”font_family:Roboto%3A100%2C100italic%2C300%2C300italic%2Cregular%2Citalic%2C500%2C500italic%2C700%2C700italic%2C900%2C900italic|font_style:700%20bold%20regular%3A700%3Anormal” subtitle_top_margin=”0″ subtitle_bottom_margin=”10″ text_top_margin=”0″ text_bottom_margin=”0″ use_custom_fonts_title=”true” fs=”18px” ls=”-0.03em” css=”.vc_custom_1614539254101{margin-bottom: 40px !important;}”][/ld_section_title][/vc_column][/vc_row][vc_row gap=”25″ content_placement=”middle” css=”.vc_custom_1606325669773{margin-right: 5% !important;margin-left: 5% !important;padding-top: 0px !important;padding-bottom: 60px !important;}” responsive_css=”margin_right_small:0px|margin_left_small:0px”][vc_column width=”1/2″ offset=”vc_col-md-offset-0″ responsive_css=”margin_right_medium:10%25″][vc_row_inner equal_height=”yes” css=”.vc_custom_1606337679272{margin-bottom: 0px 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